Direction: In the following passage some of the words have been left out. First, read the passage over and try to understand what is about. Then fill in the blanks in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given.
One of the major causes of the failure of _____(A) _____countries on the economic front is their _____(B)____ to evolve a judicious mixture of _____(C) ____substitution and export promotion. Today, Zambia, which____ (D)___ on imports after its independence ____(E) ____years. 

(B).

Directions: In each of the following questions a sentence is given with a word given in BOLD. Corresponding to each question three sentences are given with the use of the same word. From the  options choose the sentences which give a DIFFERENT MEANING for the word used in the sentence above. The meaning used in the sentence(s) should be different from the one used in the main sentence.

The constitutional framework does not provide thick or substantive conceptions of how we shall think, and in what we shall believe.
(I) Why should I take the herb when there is no substantive proof it will ease my pain
(II) Not only do we hear of these varieties of practice, but also of the laying on of hands; together with prayer as a substantive rite unconnected with baptism.
(III) They said no substantive objections to the agreement have been raised

The following sentence has been split into four segments. Identify the segment that contains an INCORRECTLY spelt word.

Shanu’s inquisitive mind could not / accept the seemingly ingenous reply / of the man and he resolved to solve the mystery / to mitigate the pain of the old couple.

Fill in the blank with the correct option: Either the boy or the girl _______ at fault.

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases are given in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

Core competencies and focus are now the mantras of corporate strategists in Western economies. But while managers in the West have dismantled many conglomerates assembled in the 1960s and 1970s, the large, diversified business group remains the dominant form of enterprise throughout most emerging markets. Some groups operate as holding companies with full ownership in many enterprises, others are collections of publicly traded companies, but all have some degree of central control.

As emerging markets open up to global competition, consultants and foreign investors are increasingly pressuring these groups to conform to Western practice by scaling back the scope of their business activities. The conglomerate is the dinosaur of organizational design, they argue, too unwieldy and slow to compete in today's fast-paced markets. Already a number of executives have decided to break up their groups in order to show that they are focusing on only a few core businesses. 

There are reasons to worry about this trend. Focus is good advice in New York or London, but something important gets lost in translation when that advice is given to groups in emerging markets. Western companies take for granted a range of institutions that support their business activities, but many of these institutions are absent in other regions of the world. Without effective securities regulation and venture capital firms, for example, focused companies may be unable to raise adequate financing; and without strong educational institutions, they will struggle to hire skilled employees.

Communicating with customers is difficult when the local infrastructure is poor, and unpredictable government behavior can stymie any operation, although a focused strategy may enable a company to perform a few activities well, companies in emerging markets must take responsibility for a wide range of functions in order to do business effectively. 

In the case of product markets, buyers and sellers usually suffer from a severe dearth of information for three reasons. First, the communications infrastructure in emerging markets is often under-developed. Even as wireless communication spreads throughout the West, vast stretches in countries such as China and India remain without telephones. Power shortages often render the modes of communication that do exist ineffective. The postal service is typically inefficient, slow, or unreliable; and the private sector rarely provides efficient courier services. High rates of illiteracy make it difficult for marketers to communicate effectively with customers. 

Second, even when information about products does get around, there are no mechanisms to corroborate the claims made by sellers. Independent consumer - information organizations are rare, and government watchdog agencies are of little use. The few analysts who rate products are generally less sophisticated than their counterparts in advanced economies. 

Third, consumers have no redress mechanisms if a product does not deliver on its promise. Law enforcement is often capricious and so slow that few who assign any value to time would resort to it. Unlike in advanced markets, there are few extrajudicial arbitration mechanisms to which one can appeal. 

As a result of this lack of information, companies in emerging markets face much higher costs in building credible brands than their counterparts in advanced economies. In turn, established brands wield tremendous power. A conglomerate with a reputation for quality products and services can use its group name to enter new businesses, even if those businesses are completely unrelated to its current lines. Groups also have an advantage when they do try to build up a brand because they can spread the cost of maintaining it across multiple lines of business. Such groups then have a greater incentive not to damage brand quality in anyone business because they will pay the price in their other businesses as well.

The writer has cited some hurdles in the case of product markets regarding shortage of information. Which of the following statement(s) in this regard is / are true?
 I. Communications infrastructure in emerging markets is often underdeveloped.
 II. Postal service is typically inefficient, slow or unreliable.
 III. High rates of illiteracy make it difficult for marketers to communicate effectively with customers.

The ADVERSITY

In the following questions groups of four words are given. In each group, one word is mis-spelt. Find the mis-spelt word and mark your answer. 

In the following question, out of the given four alternatives, select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the Idiom/Phrase.

Jog someone’s memory