1. Pliny the Elder was a Roman natural philosopher.

2. The book written by the Roman writer Pliny the Elder is Natural History.

3. It is an encyclopedia covering all aspects of the natural world, including geography, zoology, botany, astronomy, agriculture, mathematics, pharmacology, mining, mineralogy, sculpture, art precious stones, etc.

1. The distance covered by the first train between Bombay and Thane in 1853 was approximately 34 km.

2. This train was pulled by three steam engines named Sahib, Sultan and Sindh. The train had 14 coaches and was carrying about 400 people.

1. That class of compounds, which contain a functional group –OH, is called alcohol.

2. Alcohols contain a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group (-OH) along with a carbon atom.

3. The hydroxyl group is a polar group, which makes the alcohol soluble in water.

1. In 1962, Harry Hammond Hayes published 'The History of Ocean Basins'.

2. In this, the theory of plate tectonics was outlined and which was later also known as 'ocean bottom spreading'.

According to the 2011 census, Bihar state has the highest fertility rate in India.

A. Recently the Geological Survey of India (GSI) has discovered the rare metal ‘vanadium’ in sediment samples collected from the Gulf of Khambhat near Alang in Gujarat.

1. In the Gulf of Khambhat, it has been identified within the mineral titanomagnetite, which is formed by the rapid cooling of molten lava.
 2. Rarely found naturally in its pure form, vanadium is present in more than 55 different minerals.

B. Use of Vanadium

1. For the production of steel alloys,
 2. In battery manufacturing,
 3. In defense and aerospace,
 4. Energy storage and making critical electronic components.

1. Bollywood actress Waheeda Rehman's name has been selected for the 53rd Dadasaheb Phalke Award.

2. On this award, Information and Broadcasting Minister Anurag Thakur said - 'This year, actress Waheeda Rehman was selected for the Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime Achievement Award'.

1. The Indian Navy has submitted a proposal to the government for the construction of its second indigenous aircraft carrier, known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier-2 (IAC-2).

2. Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) delivered the first indigenously built aircraft carrier (IAC-1) INS Vikrant to the Indian Navy in July 2022.