1. Part IV-A of the Constitution of India deals with the duties of the citizens. Article 51A lists 11 fundamental duties in this part.

2. These duties motivate citizens to understand and fulfil their responsibilities towards their country, society and environment.

3. The fundamental duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 on the recommendations of the Swarn Singh Committee.

4. The fundamental duties of the citizens of India are as follows-

- Adhere to the Constitution and respect its ideals, institutions, national flag and national anthem.

- Keep in your heart the high ideals that inspired the national movement for independence and follow them.

- Protect India's sovereignty, unity and integrity and keep it intact.

-Defend the country and serve the nation when called upon.

- To create a spirit of harmony and common brotherhood among all the people of India, transcending all forms of discrimination based on religion, language, region or class, and to abandon such practices which are against the dignity of women.

- Understand the importance of the glorious tradition of our composite culture and preserve it.

- Protect and improve the natural environment which includes forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and have compassion for living beings.

- Develop humanism from the scientific point of view and the spirit of learning and improvement.

- Keep public property safe and stay away from violence.

- Make continuous efforts to move towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activities so that the nation can progress and achieve new heights of achievement.

- To provide opportunities for education to our children between the ages of six and fourteen years (Added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002).

1. The British army was victorious in the Battle of Arcot or the Siege of Arcot (1751 AD).

2. It was led by the forces of Robert Clive and the Nawab of Carnatic, Chanda Sahib, assisted by a small number of French East India Company troops.

1. Ichthyology is related to the study of fishes. It is a branch of zoology that studies the classification, morphology, physiology, behaviour, ecology, and evolution of fishes.

2. People working in the field of ichthyology are called ichthyologists.

1. The troposphere is the layer closest to the Earth's surface in which all seasonal changes occur.

2. This circulation is responsible for weather phenomena, such as clouds, rain, snowfall, and storms.

1. The Meghalaya Plateau is sub-divided into the Garo Hills, Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills, named after the tribal groups living in the region.

Transfer paymentOne-way payment of money for which no money, good, or  service is received in exchange. Governments use such payments as means of income  redistribution by giving out money under social welfare  programs such as social security, old age or disability pensions,  student grants, unemployment compensation, etc. Subsidies  paid to exporters, farmers, manufacturers, however, are not  considered transfer payments. Transfer payments are excluded  in computing gross national product.

The Liberalization of economy is to the main factor that led to rapid expansion of Indian exports. Imposition, Recession and Diversification does not contribute to export

 A necessary level of consumption produces differences in income and saving. This implies that the poor household have lower saving rates because they cannot “afford to save” after buying the necessities.