This article provides protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment against any accused or convicted person, whether a citizen or a foreigner or a legal person of a company or council.

The right to elementary education has been established under Article 21 by the 86th Constitutional Amendment, 2002.

Article 48A reads: The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the country's forests and wildlife. The 42nd Amendment added this Article, 1976 and places an obligation on the State to protect the environment and wildlife.

In the present era, one rupee is the smallest currency in note form. RBI does not issue one rupee note. It is issued by the Government of India. This is the reason why the one rupee note does not have the signature of the RBI Governor. The one rupee note bears the signature of the Finance Secretary.