This article provides protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment against any accused or convicted person, whether a citizen or a foreigner or a legal person of a company or council.

The right to elementary education has been established under Article 21 by the 86th Constitutional Amendment, 2002.

On 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India. While deliberating upon the draft Constitution, the Assembly moved, discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled.

1. The Constituent Assembly passed the Constitution of India on November 26, 1949, but it came into force on January 26, 1950. India came into existence as a Republic on January 26, 1950.

2. The Constituent Assembly was established on December 9, 1946, to frame the Constitution of India. There were a total of 389 members in the Constituent Assembly, out of which 299 members were from the Indian National Congress. The Constituent Assembly drafted the Constitution in 2 years, 11 months and 18 days.

3. The Constitution of India is a written constitution. It is the longest-written constitution in the world. It consists of 395 articles, 8 schedules and 12 schedules. The Constitution sets out the structure, powers and functions of the Government of India. It also ensures the rights and freedoms of the citizens.

Article 48A reads: The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the country's forests and wildlife. The 42nd Amendment added this Article, 1976 and places an obligation on the State to protect the environment and wildlife.