A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that allows users to create a secure and encrypted connection to another network over the internet. VPNs are commonly used to ensure privacy and security when browsing the internet, especially when using public Wi-Fi networks. VPNs create a private tunnel for data transmission, protecting users' online activities from surveillance, censorship, and potential cyber threats.

A switching hub, also known as a network switch, is designed to send packets using package addresses. A network switch operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and uses MAC addresses to forward data frames to specific devices within a local area network (LAN). Unlike a hub, which simply broadcasts data to all devices in the network, a switch intelligently forwards packets only to the device intended to receive the data, increasing network efficiency and reducing unnecessary network traffic.

All three components—COAX (coaxial cables), Fiber (optical fiber cables), and STP (shielded twisted pair cables)—can be used in LANs for Ethernet connectivity, depending on specific network requirements and conditions. Different types of Ethernet cables, including coaxial, fiber optic, and shielded twisted pair, are used based on factors such as data transfer speed, distance, and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference.