1. The difference between the sum of revenue receipts and Non-Debt Capital Receipts (NDCR) and total expenditure is called fiscal deficit.

2. Fiscal deficit is an important indicator of the financial position of the government.

3. It shows how much difference there is between the current income and expenditure of the government.

4. Fiscal deficit can be influenced by many factors, including.

- Economic situation: During an economic recession, the government often increases the fiscal deficit to provide stimulus to the economy.

- Political pressure: Governments often run up fiscal deficits to raise funds for social programs.

- Military spending: Governments often run fiscal deficits to increase military spending.

The Malthusian theory explained that the human population grows more rapidly than the food supply until famines, war or disease reduces the population. He believed that the human population has risen over the past three centuries.