Vertisol (Black Soil):

Due to the presence of excessive clay in it, it has the characteristics of clayey soil.

-It extends to Jhalawar, Kota, Bundi, Bandra districts. (Soils of Rajasthan)

Structural equation modeling (SEM) deals with state change in ecology.

1. Chambal River is a major river flowing in Central India. This river mainly flows in Madhya Pradesh, but some of it also flows in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River.

2. Chambal River originates from Janapav mountain in the Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh. This river flows northwards and passes through the Chittorgarh, Dholpur and Sawai Madhopur districts of Rajasthan. After this, the river flows through the Dhar, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Bhind and Morena districts of Madhya Pradesh. Finally, this river joins the Yamuna River in the Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh.

3. The length of the Chambal River is approximately 960 kilometers. This river is the biggest tributary of the Yamuna River. The catchment area of the Chambal River is approximately 72,000 square kilometres.

4. Chambal river water is used for irrigation, hydropower generation and water transportation. Four major dams have been built on the Chambal River, including Gandhi Sagar Dam (Madhya Pradesh), Rana Pratap Sagar Dam, Jawahar Sagar Dam and Kota Barrage (Rajasthan). These dams provide water for irrigation and also generate hydroelectricity.

1. Central Mahi Basin is connected to “Chhappan Plain”. Between Banswara and Pratapgarh, an area known as Chhappan Plains is formed by the Mahi River and its tributaries. It includes 56 villages. The Chhappan region is deeply and complexly incised resulting in the formation of isolated hills, not dissimilar to the Mewar plain to the north. This deeply dissected area is locally known as ‘Bagar’ and includes the hilly areas of Banswara and Dungarpur.

2. The plain formed by the Mahi River and its tributaries in the southern part of the Banswara and Pratapgarh districts of Rajasthan is called the Mahi Plain. A group of fifty-six villages and fifty-six rivers and streams are situated in this plain, it is called the Plain of Chhappan.

Specialty of Chhappan Ka Maidan

1. Chhappan ka Maidan is also called Madhya Mahi Maidan.

2. This plain is an area of barren valleys.

3. It is spread over some parts of Dungarpur, Banswara, Pratapgarh and Udaipur and its flow also towards the Arabian Sea.

6. This plain is divided into three parts, namely Chambal Basin, Banas Basin and Central Mahi Basin.

7. Chhappan village group is situated in the area between Pratapgarh and Banswara, hence this area is also known as Chhappan Plain.