The "Tragedy of the Commons" is a concept introduced by Garrett Hardin in a famous 1968 essay. It describes a situation where individuals, acting in their self-interest, deplete shared resources, leading to the detriment of the overall community. The term "commons" refers to resources that are accessible to everyone, and the tragedy occurs when individuals, motivated by personal gain, exploit these resources excessively, leading to their depletion or degradation. Hardin's work highlights the challenges of managing common resources and the need for collective action or regulatory measures to prevent the tragedy from occurring. This concept has been widely applied to environmental issues and resource management.

The San Francisco Conference, also known as the United Nations Conference on International Organization, was held in 1945. During this conference, the final approval and adoption of the United Nations Charter occurred. Delegates from various countries gathered in San Francisco to establish the UN, and the charter, which serves as the foundational document of the organization, was signed on June 26, 1945. This marked a significant step in the post-World War II efforts to promote international cooperation, peace, and security.

The statement "A living Vastu is born" was said by Woodrow Wilson, who was the President of the United States and a key advocate for the creation of the League of Nations. Therefore, the correct answer is:

(D) Wilson

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an Enlightenment philosopher, political theorist, and writer, had a profound influence on the intellectual climate leading up to the French Revolution. His ideas, particularly those expressed in works like "The Social Contract" and "Emile," emphasized the concepts of popular sovereignty, equality, and the general will. Rousseau's emphasis on individual rights, democratic principles, and the idea that government should be based on the will of the people contributed to the ideological foundation that inspired the leaders and thinkers of the French Revolution in the late 18th century.

India became a member of the United Nations (UN) on October 30, 1945, shortly after gaining independence from British rule. As one of the founding members of the UN, India has been actively involved in international diplomacy and has contributed to various UN initiatives and peacekeeping missions over the years.

The last session of the League of Nations occurred on April 18, 1946, during which the member states passed a resolution for the dissolution of the League. This marked the formal end of the League of Nations as an international organization. The dissolution was a result of the League's inability to prevent World War II and its diminished role in the post-war world order. The functions and responsibilities of the League were largely taken over by the newly established United Nations (UN).