1. Optical fibres use total internal reflection to transfer data. The primary condition for total internal reflection is that the signal must travel from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium. Secondly, the angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle.

An output device is a computer hardware device that displays or reproduces information processed by a computer in human-readable form. Output devices usually receive information from the computer through an input device, such as a mouse or keyboard.

Some examples of output devices include-

1. Monitor: A monitor is a visual output device that displays images generated by a computer.

2. Printer: A printer is a physical output device that prints computer-generated documents on paper.

3. Speaker: A speaker is an audio output device that reproduces the sound produced by the computer.

4. Headphone: A headphone is a personal audio output device that reproduces the sound generated by a computer solely for the user to hear.

5. Projector: A projector is similar to a monitor, but it projects images onto a larger screen.

6. GPS Device: A GPS device is an output device that displays its current location to the user on a map or other view.

7. Braille Reader: A Braille reader is an output device that displays computer-generated information in Braille for visually impaired people.

1. When the Tab key is pressed, 4 space characters are inserted.

2. The following are the tasks performed by the keyboard-

- With its help, alpha-numerical data is easily input into the computer.

- In the absence of a mouse, many of the tasks done by the mouse can be done.

- Through this, commands are given to the computer.

- By using the combination of buttons (shortcut keys) present in it, many operations can be performed, which saves a lot of time.

- Apart from this, tasks like playing games, controlling music etc. can be done.

1. Example of cell address in MS Excel 2010 is AZ145.

During DBMS operation, essential files include the data dictionary, containing metadata like table structures, and the transaction log, recording all database transactions. The data dictionary guides the DBMS in understanding database organization, while the transaction log ensures data integrity by recording modifications. Both files are crucial for effective database management, enabling accurate querying, data manipulation, and system recovery in case of failures, ensuring the system's reliability and consistency.

Includes a multi-functional printer.

- printer

- scanner

- copier

Ms-outlook 2010 mainly consists of the following.

- Calendar

- Task Manager

- Contact Manager

- All of the above

- Note taking

- A magazine

- Web browsing